John L. Casti

> PARADIGMES PERDUS, la science en question, de John Casti. — Pour comprendre le monde, la communauté scientifique s’appuie sur des paradigmes ; que ce soit en physique, en biologie, en informatique, etc., un consensus s’établit peu à peu, ou s’impose brutalement (telle la théorie de la relativité d’rel="nofollow" target="_top">Einstein), et fait autorité jusqu’à ce qu’une nouvelle théorie vienne éventuellement l’invalider. Il arrive que, dans certains domaines, plusieurs paradigmes restent en concurrence pendant de longues périodes de l’histoire.
John Casti, mathématicien spécialisé dans l’étude des systèmes, examine successivement les principales interrogations de la science moderne : origine de la vie, sociobiologie, acquisition du langage, machines pensantes, recherche d’une intelligence extraterrestre, réalité quantique. Pour les étudier, il a imaginé une approche originale : un tribunal jugeant les diverses hypothèses qui s’affrontent. Le procureur expose le courant de pensée dominant, la défense présente les théories élaborées par les scientifiques qui ont transgressé le cadre conventionnel de leur discipline. Ces divers points de vue étant exposés, l’auteur développe les délibérations et rend son verdict final.
Avec cet ouvrage fourmillant d’anecdotes historiques, de portraits hauts en couleur de scientifiques éminents comme Noam Chomsky, Stephen Jay Gould, Alan Turing ou Carl Sagan : John Casti s’inscrit dans la lignée des meilleurs auteurs de vulgarisation scientifique. InterEditions, 1991 - 495 p.
—3e millénaire, (21), Automne 1991… (més)

Casti sets up a philosophical framework around causation, rules, and probability, that distinguishes explanation of some phenomenon from prediction of that phenomenon. He then applies these ideas to a series of particular cases: weather and climate, embryology, the stock market, the outbreak of war, and mathematical proofs and truths.

The basic lay of the land is not unreasonable. But here is a suggestion. Perhaps the pinnacle of the book is at the end, with the suggestion of Lakatos that maybe even mathematical truth is empirical. Well, how about philosophical truth, too?

This whole book annoys me throughout because everything is sketched out rather sloppily. There are some nice stories and attempts at humor to lighten things up, which is not a bad thing. But when we get to the meat of the various matters, we never really get our teeth into it. Of course it is no easy thing to write a popular book on such deep issues. But that is the task that Casti set for himself. As a quick sketch it at least traverses interesting territory. And he does provide a "To Dig Deeper" collection of resources that is quite valuable. But it's frustrating because very little of the book really succeeds in hitting its target.

One way to make the book a bit more fun would have been to move the philosophical section to the back. Why not let the philosophy emerge from the concrete issues? That would be an empirical philosophy. Maybe by looking for the philosophical bones buried in the empirical flesh, maybe that would have tightened up the focus on the flesh. That's actually a fascinating aspect of real bodies too: the muscles shape the bones by their patterns of stresses etc.

Anyway it is an OK book but a bit like Twinings tea or Harney & Sons. Sorry if you like those. But for a fan of e.g. Taylor's of Harrogate or Fortnum and Mason... it's not that the former aren't tea at all. But a person might decide on the basis of tasting them that tea is a rather tasteless insipid brew and then miss out totally on the real stuff. You can indeed get a general sense of what these topics are about by reading Casti's book. But don't be mistaken... it's worth the struggle to find and work through more precise discussions. I wish I could recommend popular books that achieve genuine precision. Probably they exist... I am still hunting! Ah, but I should not forget perhaps one stellar example of what Casti's book is not: Hofstadter's Godel Escher Bach! Has anyone hit a pinnacle like that, since?… (més)