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William Blake vs. the World de John Higgs
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William Blake vs. the World (edició 2022)

de John Higgs (Autor)

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981276,174 (3.69)1
"A wild and unexpected journey through culture, science, philosophy, and religion to better understand the mercurial genius of William Blake. Poet, artist, and visionary, William Blake is an archetypal misunderstood genius. His life passed without recognition and he worked without reward, often mocked, dismissed and misinterpreted. Yet from his ignoble end in a pauper's grave, Blake now occupies a unique position as an artist who unites and attracts people from all corners of society--a rare inclusive symbol of human identity. Blake famously experienced visions, and it is these that shaped his attitude toward politics, sex, religion, society, and art. Thanks to the work of neuroscientists and psychologists, we are now in a better position to understand what was happening inside that remarkable mind and gain a deeper appreciation of his brilliance. His timeless work, we will find, has never been more relevant. In William Blake vs the World we return to a world of riots, revolutions, and radicals; discuss movements from the Levellers of the sixteenth century to the psychedelic counterculture of the 1960s; and explore the latest discoveries in neurobiology, quantum physics, and comparative religion. Taking the reader on a wild adventure into unfamiliar territory, John Higgs places the bewildering eccentricities of a most singular artist into fascinating context. And although the journey begins with us trying to understand him, we will ultimately discover that it is Blake who helps us to understand ourselves." --Provided by publisher.… (més)
Membre:drakeg
Títol:William Blake vs. the World
Autors:John Higgs (Autor)
Informació:Pegasus Books (2022), 400 pages
Col·leccions:Audio Books, 18th Century, 19th Century, Biography, Poetry, Art History, British Romanticism, La teva biblioteca
Valoració:
Etiquetes:Blake, British Art, Read 2023

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William Blake vs the World de John Higgs

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Quando ho letto la recensione su questo libro, apparsa su The Spectator, mi sono ricordato di avere scritto anche io sul mio blog qualcosa riguardante la "follia" di questo straordinario poeta inglese. Una "follia" conosciuta sin dai primi tempi di università, quando al secondo anno ci assegnarono un corso monografico su di lui. Di "follie inglesi", a dire la verità, ne ero abbastanza pratico. Ero da poco ritornato dall'Inghilterra dove avevo trascorso un paio di anni di lavoro in un ospedale mentale a nord di Londra, nei pressi della città romana "Verulam", la moderna St Albans, la città di Francis Bacon. Oltre due anni di lavoro con pazienti subnormali, in particolare bambini. Una esperienza che mi ha segnato per tutta la vita e che mi ha portato a comprendere da dentro la realtà e la cultura di quel popolo.

Alternavo gli studi del corso di infermeria, come studente, a quelli del corso di letteratura in un college serale. Serate straordinarie trascorse a leggere i sonetti Shakespeare, le liriche dei romantici e di quel poeta pazzo e bibliomane che fu, appunto, William Blake. Alternavamo i suoi versi con i brani erotici del libro di D. H. Lawrence, appena liberato dalla censura, "L'Amante di Lady Chatterly". E poi ancora il teatro del giovane Tom Stoppard, Harold Pinter, gli "angry young men", quelli del "Look back in anger"…

Oggi, quella follia, la ritrovo nella lettura di questa poesia da lui dedicata all'estate. E' una poesia abbastanza difficile da interpretare. Rientra nella logica narrativa di un poeta che con il suo fascino, ancora tutto moderno, non si sa come definire, se folle o visionario.

Dal titolo si capisce che è dedicata all'estate mediante la tecnica della personificazione. Questa ardente stagione viene infatti immaginata come un cavaliere che cavalca furiosi destrieri dalle narici di fuoco. Il "cavaliere estate" viene invitato nella prima strofa a spegnere il calore, mentre nella seconda cavalca il ricordo di passate stagioni non tanto torride come quella attuale, una estate "just right". A questa considerazione segue l'invito a sedersi e a "raffreddarsi", anche se la cosa appare impossibile.
L'orgoglio di questo cavaliere furente sembra infatti essere il suo calore incontenibile. E' naturale che l'ambiente e la natura dei suoi luoghi ai quali il poeta appartiene non amino queste estreme condizioni. L'isola a cui appartiene Blake non sembra amare gli estremismi in tutte le diverse manifestazioni della condizione umana.

To summer
O thou who passest thro' our valleys in
Thy strength, curb thy fierce steeds, allay the heat
That flames from their large nostrils! thou, O Summer,
Oft pitched'st here thy goldent tent, and oft
Beneath our oaks hast slept, while we beheld
With joy thy ruddy limbs and flourishing hair.

O tu che passi nelle nostre valli in forza,
tu che domini i tuoi fieri destrieri, spegni il calore
delle fiamme che escono dalle loro narici, o Estate,
tu sovente hai piantato qui la tua tenda dorata e spesso
sotto le nostre querce hai dormito, mentre guardammo
con gioia le rosee ali e i tuoi fiorenti capelli.

Beneath our thickest shades we oft have heard
Thy voice, when noon upon his fervid car
Rode o'er the deep of heaven; beside our springs
Sit down, and in our mossy valleys, on
Some bank beside a river clear, throw thy
Silk draperies off, and rush into the stream:
Our valleys love the Summer in his pride.

Sotto le nostre grandi ombre abbiamo spesso udito
la tua voce, quando la luna sul suo ardente carro
viaggiava sulle profondità del cielo, vicino alle nostre sorgenti,
siediti e nelle nostre muschiose valli,
su qualche riva di chiare acque di fiume,
stendi i tuoi drappeggi di seta e lanciati nel rivo,
le nostre valli amano l'estate nel suo orgoglio.

Our bards are fam'd who strike the silver wire:
Our youth are bolder than the southern swains:
Our maidens fairer in the sprightly dance:
We lack not songs, nor instruments of joy,
Nor echoes sweet, nor waters clear as heaven,
Nor laurel wreaths against the sultry heat.

I nostri bardi sono famosi per colpire le corde d'argento,
i nostri giovani sono più coraggiosi dei pastorelli del sud,
le nostre fanciulle più belle nelle allegre danze,
non ci mancano i canti, nè gli strumenti di gioia,
nè i dolci echi nè le acque chiare come il cielo,
nè le corone d'alloro contro il soffocante caldo.

Ora se pensiamo al clima con il quale si susseguono le stagioni sulle Isole britanniche possiamo ben dire che l'irruzione furiosa e potente, con la sua calura di destrieri cavalcati da simili cavalieri, può effettivamente destabilizzare menti e comportamenti. La cosa è vista in maniera quanto mai drammatica. Chi vive su questa isola, ne conosce la mitezza dei luoghi, la moderazione delle stagioni, le temperate manifestazioni umane che ben poco hanno a che vedere con gli intensi calori e persistenti intemperanze delle estati che possiamo avere dalle nostre parti.

Questa poesia di William Blake fa parte di un ciclo giovanile di composizioni chiamate "Poetical sketches" in cui vengono esaminate tra l'altro le quattro stagioni. Scritte tra tra il 1769 e il 1777, sono una specie di laboratorio poetico "avanti lettera" in cui William Blake forgia la vena poetica per la sua futura poetica visione del mondo. Sebbene gli studiosi ritengano che queste composizioni poetiche non siano gran cosa da un punto di vista artistico, esse sono quanto mai importanti per studiare come venne formandosi uno dei più grandi poeti inglesi di tutti i tempi.

Alcuni critici hanno messo in evidenza il fatto che questi lavori mettono in luce il modo in cui venne a crearsi la grande forza creativa dal punto di vista della immaginazione. Il critico Harold Bloom ha scritto che queste composizioni anticipano le ambizioni poetiche di Blake in termini di sensibilità ereditata da Spenser, Milton e Shakespeare. Gli "sketches"di Blake sono anticipatori della grande imminente forza immaginativa che caratterizzerà in seguito i suoi lavori sia in versi che in prosa o in forma grafica.

Egli disprezzava fortemente le forme poetiche dominanti dell'epoca rifiutando la rima, rompendo i paradigmi, usando invece la rima visiva con la quale spezzava i canoni della metrica convenzionale. Un libro giovanile questo degli "sketches" di cui Blake conservò gelosamente alcune copie stampate privatamente e che vennero ritrovate nella sua biblioteca alla sua scomparsa.

La recensione apparsa su The Spectator:

Whose were those feet in ancient time that walked upon England’s mountains green? That William Blake assumed his readers were on his same wavelength is one of the things, according to John Higgs, ‘that makes his writing a glorious puzzle’. Equally puzzling, argues Higgs, is that the cockney visionary, unsung in his lifetime and buried in a pauper’s grave, has now been absorbed thoroughly into mainstream culture without our having the faintest idea of what he was on about.

Take the 20th-century adoption of ‘Jerusalem’ as England’s alternative national anthem: in its original context as the preface to Blake’s long poem ‘Milton’, the hymn that marks the end of our school terms and party political conferences was intended to describe the overthrow of these very institutions. There is a similar irony, says Higgs, in placing Eduardo Paolozzi’s bronze Newton in the forecourt of the British Library: the object of the Blake print on which the statue is based, ‘Newton: Personification of Man Limited by Reason’, was precisely to challenge the limitations of book-based learning.

The finest of all our misreadings of Blake, however, was when on 28 November 2019 ‘The Ancient of Days’ was projected onto the dome of St Paul’s Cathedral. Here, squatting naked above the great church with his long hair and white beard blowing in the wind, was Urizen (‘your reason’), marking out with his golden compass the soulless world in which we live. He might look like God but Urizen was, in Blake’s mythology, Satan himself. Higgs explains:

“No one has ever understood everything that Blake wrote, possibly including Blake himself. But as Obi-Wan Kenobi asks rhetorically in Star Wars: ‘Who’s the more foolish — the fool, or the fool that follows him?’

In William Blake vs the World, Higgs makes a laudable attempt to explain Blake to the nation and then, to paraphrase Byron, to explain his explanation. What did Blake mean, for example, by the proverb ‘Without contraries is no progression’, or by his belief that while God created man, man also created God? And how should we interpret his casual accounts of conversing with angels, whether on Peckham Rye, where his earliest vision took place, or otherwise? ‘I have always found,’ said Blake, ‘that angels have the vanity to speak of themselves as the only wise.’ Was Blake an artist, a genius, a mystic or a madman, wondered Henry Crabb Robinson, after spending an evening with the elderly poet. He was all of those things, says Higgs, except the last. ‘As the late maverick Ken Campbell used to insist, “I’m not mad, I’ve just read different books”.’

Apart from the Bible, Blake’s great influence was the Swedish theologian Emanuel Swedenborg, whose book Heaven and Hell was satirised by Blake in ‘The Marriage of Heaven and Hell’. Starting out as Swedenborg’s student, he ended up as his nemesis, but then ‘opposition is true friendship’. The most engaging of Blake’s oppositions can be found in the contrast between the immateriality of his thought and the ‘infernal’ labour involved in getting his ideas circulated. Blake illustrated, engraved and printed his books himself. This involved not only scratching thousands of lines, dots and crosses onto sheets of copper, but using mirror writing, so the finished text would not read backwards. Higgs compares his one-man publishing industry to ‘the do-it-yourself ethos of punk rock’.

At the heart of Blake’s world was the power of imagination, which faculty he believed would free us from our mind-forged manacles. Imagination, represented in Blakean mythology by Los, is the opposite of the reason, and we cannot understand Blake without understanding what he meant by imagination or taking seriously his visions. Higgs does this admirably, by exploring what we know about the mind while maintaining, for our secular times, the sacred quality of Blake’s attention. For Blake, the dividing line between the external and the internal was porous, and his capacity to see more than the rest of us might be explained by his having hyperphantasia. The mind’s eye of those with hyperphantasia is morevivid — both visually and in every other sense — than it is for the rest of us. ‘To a hyperphantasic,’ Higgs argues, ‘images are not things that you think, they are things that you encounter.’

Higgs compares Blake to the Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu; also to Leonard Cohen, David Bowie and Lennon and McCartney: ‘To judge Blake by Songs of Innocence is like judging the Beatles by the song “Yellow Submarine”.’I grew weary of these analogies — further misreadings, perhaps, which do little to explain Blake’s sublime strangeness; but then this book is not written for my generation. William Blake vs the World is a primer for the future. Witness the statement: ‘Blake appears to have been cisgendered and heterosexual, but there may have been a transgender aspect to his sense of self.’ It might be one of the Proverbs of Hell.

WRITTEN BY
Frances Wilson - The Spectator -3 July 2021 ( )
  AntonioGallo | Jul 23, 2021 |
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"A wild and unexpected journey through culture, science, philosophy, and religion to better understand the mercurial genius of William Blake. Poet, artist, and visionary, William Blake is an archetypal misunderstood genius. His life passed without recognition and he worked without reward, often mocked, dismissed and misinterpreted. Yet from his ignoble end in a pauper's grave, Blake now occupies a unique position as an artist who unites and attracts people from all corners of society--a rare inclusive symbol of human identity. Blake famously experienced visions, and it is these that shaped his attitude toward politics, sex, religion, society, and art. Thanks to the work of neuroscientists and psychologists, we are now in a better position to understand what was happening inside that remarkable mind and gain a deeper appreciation of his brilliance. His timeless work, we will find, has never been more relevant. In William Blake vs the World we return to a world of riots, revolutions, and radicals; discuss movements from the Levellers of the sixteenth century to the psychedelic counterculture of the 1960s; and explore the latest discoveries in neurobiology, quantum physics, and comparative religion. Taking the reader on a wild adventure into unfamiliar territory, John Higgs places the bewildering eccentricities of a most singular artist into fascinating context. And although the journey begins with us trying to understand him, we will ultimately discover that it is Blake who helps us to understand ourselves." --Provided by publisher.

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