ahh!! aagggG!!!! ahahhh!!!!!! ( )

I cannot say I understand Abraham.

And unlike Johannes I cannot admire him. I believe Abraham, the father of faith, is truly done for.

An absolutely wonderful work. It came as a surprise that a book dealing with such a seemingly archaic subject matter gives such prescient commentary on spiritual life today.

I can add nothing more. The book demands a re-read as soon as I put it down, but I can no longer bear to attempt to grapple with these paradoxes, the poles between them pull me too taut.

( )

Existem bons motivos para se ter um pé atrás com existencialismos religiosos. Imagine que você acorda com o diabo no corpo e deseja muito fazer algum mal mas também secretamente tem fé de que algo vai impedi-lo na hora H e então tudo, de alguma forma, vai ficar bem. Você acorda, rapta seu filho e o coloca num altar sacrificial. Não fala nada, afinal não se trata de ética (onde há motivos e julgamentos quanto ao que é justo ou não) ou de heroismo trágico (em que por alguma razão maior, trágica, o motivo deve ser ocultado, e tendo em vista o desfecho ou o caráter total da obra, a história se resolve e é possível julgar ao final o todo). Agora, a questão é levantada por Kierkegaard, ele é um autor consciencioso: Abraão só se justifica no nível do absurdo. Mas justamente isso porque é absurdo levar a história dele como valendo como exemplo não-ficcional. E isso deveria bastar: aplica-se o crivo de Hobbes quanto ao improvável/impossível e pronto. Ter uma relação secreta e direta com Deus é absurdo não apenas no sentido existencial, mas no prático. E isso faria economizar muitas páginas que, embora de uma escrita interessante, resvalam no tom de choradeira que é infelizmente comum a essas indagações supramundanas. Ademais, a história de Abraão é, se tratada como literatura, insatisfatória. O problema é que esta e outras habitam o incômodo espaço entre ficção e relato em que, convenientemente, pode-se pular de um ao outro para garantir os efeitos argumentativos necessários. ( )

Kierkegaard is often called the first existential philosopher. In this short review of this book, I will show why he is called this, and also why I disagree.

Fear and trembling is a book on the Biblical story of Abraham who sets out to sacrifice his son Isaac. God has spoken to Abraham to do this: this horrible command, even sinful command is what Abraham describes as an ordeal . With three questions about the story, Kierkegaard gives us an elaborate reading on what is happening here - and why Abraham's choice deserves respect rather than ridicule. His general thesis is:

either there is a paradox, that the single individual as the single individual stands in an absolute relation to the absolute, or Abraham is lost.

What can we make of these words? Kierkegaard speaks long and lively, borrowing from imagery in literature and myths. The picture that he sketches, as I understand it, is the following. Religion has often been grasped as the need for the individual to go up in the universal. Tragic heroes have sacrificed themselves for others, died because they saw a good greater than themselves which it was worth dying for. Faith was the sacrificing of your individuality in order to be open for God. What Abraham does goes beyond this universality. His actions can even be considered sinful, for he goes against a fundamental bidding of God to respect your children. Moreover, he cannot explain his actions in universal terms. Whom could he have spoken to, to lessen his grieve, his torment? No one can understand his actions, but himself - and even he cannot grasp entirely what the task before him must mean. It is only in the absurd that one can find meaning in the sacrificing of Isaac. What Abraham does, is moving beyond what faith is in the universal, into the individual struggle, which can only ever be justified by virtue of the absurd. In metaphysical terms, he moves beyond what can be made sense of, and suffers precisely because he knows that we he is about to do can never make sense. Kierkegaard's reading is a unique one, warning us for the superficial justification through the universal, opening a world of faith which lies in ourselves.

This is why he is often been read as an existential philosopher. There is nothing universal that can help us when it comes to questions of faith. No words can soothe us, no other can guide us or show us the way. The most fundamental struggle of the human being takes place within the absurd. This is related to later existential thought, because it shows that in the end, all that the human being has to hold on to is his own bare existence. Questions asked here can only be solved in bitter loneliness, and no answer can ever make sense. I am grateful that Kierkegaard has opened to us this way of believing, but I think that he in fact was not entirely an existentialist yet.

My trouble with this work, is very similar to the qualms I have about Dostojevski's books. Pretending to be a work of deep doubt about faith, it is in its core still religious propaganda. Just like Alyosha cannot find any reason to believe Dmitri's stories, through the virtue of the absurd, he is still right in believing his brother. Though Abraham cannot find any reason to comply with God's strange wish, he is justified in doing so, by virtue of the absurd. What Kierkegaard promotes is a defense of religion beyond everything that can be said about it; still trusting in the truth of its absurdity. This is not existential in my reading, because it means relying on something unknown, rather than just on our own existence. Whereas Nietzsche and Heidegger underscore the importance of the mere individual struggle, cut loose from the everyday and the force of religion, Kierkegaard suggest that this struggle still takes place within Christian faith. This I cannot except. Hoping on the absurd to save you is a denial of your own power to save yourself. For me, the virtue lies in the endless senseless struggle - which is just as big a paradox as Kierkegaard's, and not in the deus ex machina.

I would like to end this review with the note that this is the first work of Kierkegaard I've studied, along with some secondary literature on Fear and Trembling . That is, don't be discouraged by my words to read Kierkegaard yourself. This sensitive Dane has a lot of wisdom and clever psychology to offer, reading him is definitely worth the while. ( )

EXCERTOS
«O tratamento acentuadamente patético em Temor e Tremor (…), permite analisar pormenorizadamente nos sucessivos episódios, e nas sucessivas “modificações” anunciadas e logo introduzidas pelos respectivos autores, os conflitos de ordem pessoal e inter­-relacional que afectam o indivíduo que procura uma forma consequente de objectivar o seu sentimento. Nos episódios de Temor e Tremor, a representação do amor como uma força vital encontra­-se em todas as situações imagináveis como estando determinadas por esse sentimento — seja ele paternal, filial, fraternal, erótico, para com a divindade, para com a polis, ou a philosophia; na maioria dos casos, a ultrapassagem desse amor implica não só a óbvia perda desse sentimento, como a morte de uma das partes ou o seu desaparecimento enquanto receptáculo do amor de um outro.»