This publication summarizes the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD). A commentary on the evidence for cardiovascular prevention in peripheral vascular disease and diabetes is also included. Each review of evidence is followed by a short summary of clinical recommendations for secondary prevention. A review of other considerations influencing policy-makers in the implementation of secondary prevention strategies including health economics follows. Finally, the book identifies areas in which research is needed to improve secondary prevention of CVD in low- and middle-income populations. This publication is intended for practicing physicians responsible for the care of patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) - specifically CHD and CeVD - in low- and middle-income populations and countries. The aim is to provide general guidance about the effectiveness - or lack of effectiveness - of specific interventions, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological. In addition, the information will help a wide range of health professionals concerned with individual and community care and will provide guidance to health policy-makers about the broader issues pertaining to implementation of interventions in low- and middle-income populations.