Social reformer, banker, and mathematician, Olinde Rodrigues is a fascinating figure in nineteenth-century Paris. Information about him is obscure - scattered in publications on history, mathematics, and the social sciences - and often inaccurate. Rodrigues left no papers or archives. Here, for the first time, is an authoritative account of his family history, education, and important mathematical works. Written by a team of prominent mathematicians and historians, the book comprises the interests and associations that make Rodrigues such a remarkable character in the history of mathematics. This is a superb panorama of nineteenth-century France, portrayed through the life and work of Olinde Rodrigues. The beginning chapters attempt to recreate the scientific and social background of nineteenth-century Paris and Rodrigues's place in it. The following chapters discuss his contributions to a variety of mathematical fields.