In this volume are assessed the risks to human health and the environment of Vanadium a soft silvery-grey metal that can exist in a number of different oxidation states. The most common commercial form is vanadium pentoxide and this exists in the pentavalent state as a yellow-red or green crystalline powder. It is mined in South Africa Russia and China and is also produced by solvent extraction from uranium ores. About 90% of the approximately 64 000 tons of vanadium that are emitted to the atmosphere each year from both natural and anthropogenic sources comes from oil combustion. Irritation o