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The Road to Serfdom Fiftieth Anniversary…
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The Road to Serfdom Fiftieth Anniversary Edition (1944 original; edició 1994)

de F. A. Hayek, Milton Friedman (Introducció)

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The Road to Serfdom remains one of the all-time classics of twentieth-century intellectual thought. For over half a century, it has inspired politicians and thinkers around the world, and has had a crucial impact on our political and cultural history. With trademark brilliance, Hayek argues convincingly that, while socialist ideals may be tempting, they cannot be accomplished except by means that few would approve of. Addressing economics, fascism, history, socialism and the Holocaust, Hayek unwraps the trappings of socialist ideology. He reveals to the world that little can result from such ideas except oppression and tyranny. Today, more than fifty years on, Hayek's warnings are just as valid as when The Road to Serfdom was first published.… (més)
Membre:AncapAgency
Títol:The Road to Serfdom Fiftieth Anniversary Edition
Autors:F. A. Hayek
Altres autors:Milton Friedman (Introducció)
Informació:University Of Chicago Press (1994), Edition: 1, Paperback, 320 pages
Col·leccions:La teva biblioteca
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Cami de servitud de F. A. Hayek (1944)

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Den Sozialisten in allen Parteien zum Studium empfohlen: von Churchill persönlich. Heute noch wichtiger als damals.

Viele von uns begreifen nicht, welch wichtige Rolle Churchill für Deutschland spielte nach Ende des 2. Weltkrieges. Sein Verständnis für die Kultur Deutschlands im Gegensatz zur marxistisch sozialistischen NS-Ideologie basiert ganz entscheidend auch auf diesem Buch, das Churchill auf die Spur seiner Friedensordnung brachte. Er sagte: Deutschland darf nicht in Schuldgefühlen versinken, es muss in der Freundschaft mit Frankreich zur alten geistigen Größe zurückkehren. Er und der größte deutsche Staatsmann überhaupt, Adenauer, haben sich gut verstanden und dies gemeinsam auf den Weg gebracht.

Nun, was kann dieses Buch leisten? Viel mehr als der Einzelne denken könnte, es klärt auf zwischen schönen, netten, ideologischen Zielen wie Gleichheit für alle und jenen freien Herangehensweisen in einer Gesellschaft, die dem Einzelnen größtmögliche Freiheit einräumt, ohne ihn freilich regellos wildern zu lassen. Alleine weil er schon den Menschen nicht überfordert und weiß, dass jedem negative (Gier) und positive Eigenschaften (Hilfsbereitschaft z.B.) innewohnen, weiß Hayek auch, dass sich kein vernünftiger Mensch ein Wirtschaftssystem vorstellen kann, in dem der Staat ganz untätig ist. Ein rechtlicher Rahmen muss immer präsent sein, in dem der Einzelne größtmögliche Freiheit und Sicherheit, eine immerwährende Balance-Aufgabe, genießen kann. Wirtschaften, Planung und Erfolge sind nur in diesem Rahmen möglich.

Die beiden wirtschaftlichen Pole, die zur Erfüllung streben, sind immer a) völlig unkontrolliertes unternehmerisches Handeln in freiester, ungehemmter Konkurrenz auf der einen und b) die völlige Planwirtschaft im Sozialismus (Ausschaltung des Wettbewerbs reine Bedürfnisbefriedigung) auf der anderen Seite. Problem heute ist, dass wir eine Unzahl an Mischformen erleben, die im Grunde aber immer auf die Basis der hier von Friedrich A. Hayek (FAH) niedergelegten Unterscheidungen zurückgeht. Es gibt heute im Kapitalismus oligopolistische Planwirtschaft durch Konzerne und im Sozialismus gibt es gelenkten Kapitalismus wie in China.

Eine Unterscheidung ist ganz wesentlich. Hitler sagte 1941: "Nationalsozialismus und Marxismus sind im Grunde dasselbe." (The Bulletin of int. News, GB, hrsg. vom Royal Inst. of intern. Affairs, Bd. XVIII, Nr. 5, S. 269; Zitat im Buch: S. 52) Jeder, der etwas nachdenkt, erkennt die absoluten Gleichklänge dieser Ideologien, gerichtet gegen die Freiheit des Individuums und die Herrschaft einer Klasse implizierend (bei Hitler die A***r, bei den Marxisten die Arbeiterklasse). Heute scharen sich die Mehrheit der Deutschen freiwillig gegen Menschen, die Freiheit und Individualität schätzen, Herkunft und Bürgersinn, Heimat und Werte. Beide Konzepte werden in diesem Buch grundlegend erläutert und hervorragend erklärt.

Linksgrüne Supermenschen nutzen heute für ihre Gegner irrtümlicherweise das Wort völkisch, das bei Hitler aber hündisch und nicht individuell gemeint war. Sie agieren in gleicher Manier wie damals gegen alle Andersdenkenden vorgegangen wurde und sehen im Bürgertum der hart arbeitenden Menschen den Adolf N.*, sie agieren mithin kollektivistisch mit engen Wahrheiten und vorgeschriebenen Denkkonstrukten. Linguistische Analyse-Unfähigkeit paart sich mit Definitionsknappheit und klischeehaften Vorwürfen. Das Ergebnis: therapiebedürftige Antifaschisten, die nicht begriffen haben, was kollektiver Faschismus wirklich ist, der sie selbst leider eng umschlungen hält.

Ein demokratischer Ausgleich wäre, wenn heute Sozialisten in allen Parteien dieses Buch von FAH zur Kenntnis nehmen und ihre Definitionsfähigkeit wieder auf Vorderfrau bringen würden. Planung eines Staates darf sich niemals auf das Ersticken von Wettbewerb richten, sondern sollte immer einem besseren, fairen Funktionieren desselben dienen. Sozialisten machen einen großen Fehler, wenn sie diese Lenkungsfunktion einseitig zur Lähmung freier Kreativität nutzen.

Mussolini sagte: Wir waren die ersten, die erklärt haben, dass die Freiheit des Individuums umso mehr beschränkt werden muss, je komplizierter die Zivilisation wird. (hier zitiert Seite 67) Ein Darübernachdenken bringt unmittelbar ins Heute und das planmäßige Herbeiführen eines globalistischen Meltingpots, dessen Bestandteile ungeprüft als Gut definiert werden. Diese radikalste und unbewiesene, dem gesunden Menschenverstand erheblich widersprechende Ideologie wird heute im Wesentlichen nur noch von Deutschland vertreten, sozusagen die andere Seite der 33er Medaille.

Dieses Buch fordert vom Leser höchste Konzentration, aber das Ergebnis lohnt allemal das Studium. Man erkennt die falschen Ziele des Sozialismus, denen wegen ihrem Wohlklang alle gedankenlos nachrennen, und die des ungehemmten Kapitalismus ebenso, der scheitert, wenn er keinen rechtlich vertrauenswürdigen Rahmen und Sicherheit hat. Nur so ist Freiheit des Einzelnen möglich. Warum Menschen immer wieder zur sozialistischen Planwirtschaft tendierten, liegt auch in ihrer schnellen Möglichkeit der Erfüllung angestrebter, meist idealistischer Ziele. Diese Ziele richten sich dann, bei Wunscherfüllung, allerdings ebenso intolerant gegen andere Planwirtschaftler, eben weil man seine Wünsche so schnell erfüllen konnte. Die größte Gefahr für alle Demokratien verortet FAH mithin in idealistisch Getriebenen, die durchaus gute Ziele haben können, die sich aber falscher Mittel bedienen. „Von der Hingabe und Einseitigkeit des Idealisten zum Fanatismus ist oft nur ein einziger Schritt.“ (S. 81)

Hören Sie mal zu, wenn Politiker heute reden: von Gemeinwohl, Menschenrechten, Gemeininteresse, Pluralismus - für mich reinster Fanatismus zur Erhaltung eigener Macht, Leerstücke, die FAH in diesem Buch gut beschrieben hat. (Geschrieben 2016) ( )
  Clu98 | Feb 24, 2023 |
O Caminho da Servidão é, com certeza, a obra mais conhecida e uma das – se não for a – mais popularmente influentes de Friedrich August von Hayek. Ela figura na lista da Martin Seymour-Smith como um dos 100 livros mais importantes já escritos na história. Em 2007, a Universidade de Chicago estimou que mais de 350 mil cópias já foram vendidas desde o seu lançamento em março de 1944, provando que é ainda hoje não só "relevante" como fundamental para aqueles que combatem o autoritarismo e o despotismo político e querem entender o processo filosófico, histórico e psicológico desse mal. A grandeza da obra está em sua capacidade de criticar o socialismo e o fascismo de maneira límpida e inteligente, com insights que beiram a genialidade, transpassando o muro do tempo e chegando até nós com o frescor de novidade.
Nesta segunda edição – revista a partir da edição lançada no Clube Ludovico em 2021 –, trazemos um proêmio de George Orwell; o prólogo à edição americana de 1994 escrita por Milton Friedman; os prefácios do autor à edição americana de 1944 e 1956, além do prefácio à edição inglesa de 1976. O livro também conta com um espetacular posfácio assinado pelo economista da escola austríaca, Peter J. Boettke.
  FranklinJRibeiro | Jan 13, 2023 |
Provavelmente, O Caminho da Servidão seja o trabalho mais conhecido do professor Hayek. Foi publicado pela primeira vez em 1944, traduzido em doze idiomas, tornando o seu autor mundialmente famoso. Esta obra mostra que o planejamento econômico ainda é não apenas assunto de interesse acadêmico mas também objeto de estudo e de interesse público e governamental. O Caminho da Servidão continua, portanto, a nos oferecer bases para uma discussão crítica sobre a economia planejada.
  FranklinJRibeiro | Jan 13, 2023 |
Hayek’s classic defense of classical liberalism is a political and moral tour de force. Considering that it was written by an Austrian Jew who’d emigrated to Britain early in the Nazi era, its grace and generosity towards national enemies and ideological opponents is remarkable. His main argument isn’t so much that individual liberty, limited government, the rule of law, and competitive markets constitute the most efficient economic system producing the greatest general prosperity and the greatest personal freedom. Hayek makes this argument powerfully, but he’s most concerned to show that the then-current disdain for classical liberalism and the clamor for centralized economic planning would inevitably lead to arbitrary, coercive government, destruction of individual liberties and of the rule of law, greater class or interest group resentments, and also to economic inefficiency with less general prosperity. At least if the movement toward collectivism goes unchecked, it leads to totalitarianism, which necessarily is anti-democratic, anti-rational, dangerously amoral with the concept of truth largely inverted, and it consequently attracts the most unscrupulous people to positions of power. Hayek also points out the essential equivalence of collectivism of the Right and of the Left.

Although widely panned by the intelligentsia of the time, the book has always gotten a lot of attention and it’s been very influential. I believe history has amply demonstrated the soundness of the overall arguments. Considering history and the stakes, I find it difficult to be as generous as Hayek was toward those whose ideological rigidity prevents them from learning its lessons. If the book has any weaknesses, perhaps the most important one is that it doesn’t systematically outline the appropriate roles of government in a capitalist democracy. The book could be construed as being anti-government, which it isn’t; Hayek clearly says that an extensive welfare state isn’t incompatible with a competitive market economy, and that wealthy nations can and even should provide some forms of social insurance. He especially emphasizes the importance of government establishing the rule of law – based on general principles and applied equally to all – along with effective enforcement of contracts and administration of justice generally, as critical to the context in which markets operate properly. He’s also very much concerned with prevention of monopolies, or their minimization where elimination isn’t possible, something equally applicable to private enterprise as to government (except in the few areas where government monopolies are necessary, e.g. the military, some public utilities, etc.), but in particular a critical function of government in free markets.

Hayek just touches on monetary policy, he doesn’t deal directly with government fiscal policy, he doesn’t describe the appropriate role of central banks in economies, and he only briefly touches on what we’d call Keynesian approaches to downturns and unemployment (to say that they’re generally not effective and there are better ways to deal with those problems, without elaborating much). I think it would have clarified and strengthened his arguments if he had provided a systematic treatment of the appropriate functions of the state in a society founded on principles of classical liberalism. But it also would have made a compact and pointed book much less so – a book he considered to be urgently needed, and I think rightly. A careful reader can grasp enough of Hayek’s picture of government in a capitalist democracy to see its essential functions and limitations, and that they’re sensible. The book as is keeps the focus on the less-than-obvious but potentially great and possibly imminent danger, and it does a superb job of tracing its history and development (particularly in Germany over several decades prior to the Nazis’ rise), of describing the dreadful society it leads to, and of showing how and why this happens. It’s a fairly detailed 20th c. way of saying, like Franklin, “A Republic, if you can keep it.” Basically, economic and political freedom are inseparable, both of which require private property and free, competitive markets with the state ensuring the rule of law. ( )
  garbagedump | Dec 9, 2022 |
Summary: An argument that collectivist, planned economies lead to the erosion of individual liberties, the rule of law, and result in the rise of totalitarian governments.

It is probably not insignificant that F. A. Hayek, an economist who grew up and was educated in Austria, emigrated to England in 1938 and wrote this work during World War Two. He later moved to the United States. This book, less a work on economics than political philosophy, is an argument for the classic (not contemporary) liberal ideal that emphasized the rights and initiative of the individual, a limited role for government, a relatively unrestrained marketplace, and the rule of law. His basic argument is that the shift he was seeing from this liberal ideal to socialist, planned economies in England reflected the same course that he witnessed in the rise of National Socialism in Nazi Germany and Communism in the Stalinist Russia.

He argues that planned economies can never plan for all the variables of the marketplace, that those who buy and sell goods and services can more nimbly respond to. Planning undercuts the initiative of the individual and leads to increasingly authoritarian forms of government, required to enforce the efforts needed toward economic plans. Instead of seeking equality in liberty, the collectivist system achieves equality through restraint and servitude. These increasing coercive efforts result in the arbitrary use of authority rather than the rule of law. Paradoxically, even the poor are less free under such a system.

The question is who ultimately occupies the role of planners. Hayek offers a telling critique of the idea of the “common good,” which often remains undefined. And often, this happens to be the worst among us, those who are not constrained by moral restraints or concerns about truth. Perhaps the most chilling chapter in this work is the one titled, “The End of Truth,” reminding one of the “Post-truth era” in which we live. Authoritarian rulers develop their own myths to justify their rise to power and rule. Instead, all the channels used to spread knowledge are pressed into service to “strengthen the belief in the rightness of the decisions taken by the authority” (p. 175).

Hayek does allow a role for government in a capitalist economy, not in restricting trade but in regulating methods of legal production, sanitary and safe practices, the protection of environmental resources, and preventing fraud. He also allows a basic level of economic and health security as a concern of government.

It strikes me that Hayek’s fears of planned economies have not been realized in the socialist countries of Europe. My own sense is that what has occurred instead is an enlarged role of government to protect us from recessions, economic cycles, the consequences of shifts in the marketplace, and even personal misfortunes. This diminishment of the individual and dependency does leave us vulnerable to Hayek’s feared authoritarianism and the eclipse of the rule of law.

What troubles me in Hayek’s liberal ideal of individual liberty is that such systems are often blind to the inequities baked into the system, protecting individual liberty for only some who are citizens. Furthermore, these systemic inequities leave capitalist economies vulnerable to being supplanted by more planned economies that offer a vision of equality for the disadvantaged.

Nevertheless, Hayek’s critique of “planning,” of the rise of coercion, of the justification of means to achieve ends, the rise of authority and the suspension of rule of law, and the jettisoning of truth are all important to consider in our day. Hayek’s concern in looking at Nazi Germany was the recognition that it could happen in socialist England. While I suspect that there are more variant roads to totalitarian, Hayek’s recognition of the important elements of liberal democracy are worth attending to, as is the recognition that should we neglect these elements, it can happen here as well. ( )
  BobonBooks | Dec 5, 2022 |
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In short, it forces one, unless they choose not to read the book or uncritically shrug Hayek’s arguments off, to actually ponder and critically analyze the positions that they hold.
 

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F. A. Hayekautor primaritotes les edicionscalculat
Chamberlain, JohnPròlegautor secundarialgunes edicionsconfirmat
Friedman, MiltonIntroduccióautor secundarialgunes edicionsconfirmat
Vergara, JoséTraductorautor secundarialgunes edicionsconfirmat
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It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once. David Hume
I should have loved freedom, I believe, at all times, but in the time in which we live I am ready to worship it.  A. De Tocqueville
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To the socialists of all parties
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When the course of civilization takes an unexpected turn -- when, instead of the continuous progress which we have come to expect, we find ourselves threatened by evils associated by us with past ages of barbarism -- we naturally blame anything but ourselves.
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"The welfare and the happiness of millions cannot be measured on a single scale of less and more."
"If those whose usefulness is reduced by circumstances which they could neither foresee nor control were to be protected against undeserved loss, and those whose usefulness has been increased in the same way were prevented from making an unmerited gain, renumeration would soon cease to have any relation to actual usefulness."
"One of the inherent contradictions of the collectivist philosophy is that, while basing itself on the humanistic morals which individualism has developed, it is practicable only within a relatively small group."
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Per WorldCat, ISBN 0226320553 is for The Road to Serfdom: The Definitive Edition: Text and Documents,
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The Road to Serfdom remains one of the all-time classics of twentieth-century intellectual thought. For over half a century, it has inspired politicians and thinkers around the world, and has had a crucial impact on our political and cultural history. With trademark brilliance, Hayek argues convincingly that, while socialist ideals may be tempting, they cannot be accomplished except by means that few would approve of. Addressing economics, fascism, history, socialism and the Holocaust, Hayek unwraps the trappings of socialist ideology. He reveals to the world that little can result from such ideas except oppression and tyranny. Today, more than fifty years on, Hayek's warnings are just as valid as when The Road to Serfdom was first published.

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